Most Japanese blades do not consist of one even material. Most of them are constructed of different kinds of steels.
I will introduce some of the typical methods of the inner construction.
There is no superiority nor inferiority in these constructions. They are just a difference of methods.
 
One even material = MUKU (in Japanese)
 
It is made of one material so the steel is identical in every part if you do not take into account the tempering effect.
 
Wrapping styles with two kinds of material = KOBUSE and MAKURI
 
It is constructed of two different kinds of steel, the core steel and the outer steel, where the core steel is wrapped with the outer steel.
As to the tempering, the outer steel is more sensitive than the core steel.
There are several ways to create such a style of construction.
 
1) Wrapping = KOBUSE

 
2) Rolling = MAKURI
 
In this case the outer steel is also harder than the core steel.

Most of blades made in the Bizen province may be either the kobuse or the makuri type of construction.
And the real Soshu tradition blades are the same.
 
Three layers styles = SAM'MAI, HON-SAM'MAI, and SHIHO-ZUME

 It is made by a sandwich-like method.
On the cutting surface, the border of the two steels appears. Sometimes this border makes a visible effect into the hamon.
Examples - tanto by the HASEBE school
             - some of MINO blades
             - some blades made by KIYOMARO (=> Tanto, Shin-shinto, Mumei)
             - some blades made by SYOHEI MIYAIRI
We don't know why, but many of Soshu style blades in the modern age are made of this construction. The real Soshu tradition is the wrapping style, but the copy of it is made of the sandwich style.
 
3) Three layers = SAM'MAI
 
In this case the core steel is harder than the outer steel.
 
4) HON-SAM'MAI

c = core steel
o = outer steel
e = cutting edge steel
In this case there is one more, a third kind of steel - the cutting edge steel which is the hardest of all.
The core steel is the mildest.
 
5) All directions packing = SHIHO-ZUME
 
c = core steel
o = outer steel
e = cutting edge steel
b = back steel
This type of construction is made of four kinds of steel: the core, the outer, the cutting edge, and the back steel. The hardest is again the cutting edge steel, the mildest is the core steel.
 
6) Reverse wrapping = GYAKU-KOBUSE
 
 In this case the core steel is harder than the outer steel.
 
7) Two blocks = HYOSHIGI

This type is typical for the YAMATO tradition blades. (Yamato is a name of one of the provinces in Japan)
oror
b = back steel
e = cutting edge steel
This type is made of two kinds of steel - the back steel and the cutting edge steel. (an example: tanto "Naohiro")
The percentage rate of these two steels can be 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and any.
 
 
Others
8) Putting  = HARI-HAGANE

B = body steel
This type can be used for Kata-kiriha-zukuri blades. (an example: tanto "Naohiro" in Kata-Kiriha)
 
9) Inlaying = WARI-HAGANE

 
 
We have received a question about steel constructions for Hira-sankaku-zukuri.
KOBUSE

 
HYOSHIGI
(an example: yari "Naohiro")
 
HARI-HAGANE

(an example; tsurugi in Hira-sankaku-zukuri => tsurugi)


More information regarding the steel construction, => "What is Shingane?"